Forgotten Tech Empires · documentary credits

Before Apple: The Italian Machine That Changed Computing

Complete list of the third-party material in the film, with authors, sources, licences and changes. Timecodes refer to the published video (11:05). Licences of the individual works are not changed by their inclusion in the film.

How the material is used

• CC BY-SA 4.0 works are adapted (cropped, colour-graded, animated). Each adapted image is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 by Forgotten Tech Empires; the rest of the film is not an adaptation of those works.
• CC BY-SA 2.0 and 3.0 works are shown in full and unmodified, resized only, as separate elements of the film.
• CC BY, public-domain, CC0, Unsplash and Pexels material is used under the terms linked below.
• No endorsement by any author, licensor, company or institution is implied. Independent documentary, not affiliated with Olivetti S.p.A., TIM, Apple, HP, General Electric, NASA or AT&T.

Narration, music, AI

• Script: original. Narration: synthetic voice, Kokoro-82M open-weight text-to-speech (hexgrad, Apache 2.0).
• Music and sound design: original, synthesized in code for this film. No third-party music or samples.
• This film contains no AI-generated images or video. Depth parallax computed with Depth Anything V2 Small (Apache 2.0); no image content was generated.
• Maps: made for this film from Natural Earth data (public domain).

Film and video (5)

• Apollo 11 launch control, KSC ("Apollo 11 Mission Control Center – Film Rolls") — NASA / Kennedy Space Center — Public domain — source
  Cropped, colour-graded.
• Apollo 11 launch, engines at 500 fps (camera E-8) — NASA / KSC — Public domain — source
  Cropped, colour-graded.
• The Eagle Has Landed: The Flight of Apollo 11 (1969) — NASA, via US National Archives — Public domain — source
  Excerpts, cropped; original audio not used.
• Olivetti Lettera 22 – typing a document using tab stops — IIVQ — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  Excerpts, cropped, picture and sound. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Olivetti Dora portable typewriter — Erik Pålsson, soundsofchanges.eu — CC BY 3.0 — source
  Excerpt, cropped, picture and sound.

Images (95)

• Calcolatore elettronico programma 101, Olivetti, Ivrea, 1965 - Caserta, Museo Michelangelo.jpg — MuMiCaserta — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  0:00, 4:49, 5:02, 5:41, 6:23, 7:53, 10:13 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), background removed and replaced, blurred as a graphic background, colour-adjusted, colour-graded, cropped, cropped into a chronology card, light-sweep effect, placed in split-screen graphics, title text added (opening card and thumbnail). This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Olivetti P101 foto1.jpg — Piergiovanna Grossi — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  0:03, 10:18 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax, light-sweep effect. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Serie fotografica (New York, 1965), BEIC 6360296 — Paolo Monti (Fondo Paolo Monti, BEIC) — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  0:05, 4:57 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Olivetti-Programma101-Front-Triennale.jpg — VectorVoyager — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  0:09, 5:00, 7:04 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Olivettiunderwood programma101.jpg — AlisonW — CC BY-SA 3.0 — source
  0:11, 2:51 · Shown in full and unmodified (resized only).
• Ledger.png — RaphaelQS — CC0 — source
  0:14, 2:56, 3:52 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped.
• Olivetti Programma 101 (2).jpg — Bill Abbott — CC BY-SA 2.0 — source
  0:16, 5:31 · Shown in full and unmodified (resized only).
• NASA mission control computer room, dual IBM 7090s, c. 1962 — NASA / NARA (RG 255) — Public domain — source
  0:18 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Italia, 1968) - BEIC 6346570.jpg — Paolo Monti — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  0:23 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Aldrin Apollo 11 original.jpg — Neil Armstrong — Public domain — source
  0:34 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• IBM PC, 1981, Computer History Museum.jpg — The wub — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  0:38, 7:53 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, cropped into a chronology card, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Wide view of Ivrea town — Krzysztof Golik (Tournasol7) — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  0:43 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Paolo Monti - Serie fotografica (Ivrea, 1961) - BEIC 6364208.jpg — Paolo Monti — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  0:45, 10:07 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Map of Italy with Ivrea (made for this film) — Forgotten Tech Empires, from Natural Earth 1:50m data — Public domain — source
  0:49 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), cropped.
• Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Italia, 1968) - BEIC 6346569.jpg — Paolo Monti — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  0:51 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Altair 8800 and Model 33 ASR Teletype.jpg — Tim Colegrove — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  0:54, 7:53 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, cropped into a chronology card, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Officine ICO, lato sud.jpg — Davide Mauro — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  0:57, 1:44, 9:48, 9:56 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Officine ICO.jpg — Davide Mauro — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  1:02, 1:30, 10:00 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Corso Costantino Nigra Ivrea 1.jpg — Unknown author — Public domain — source
  1:05 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Ivrea, the first Olivetti typewriter factory (built 1908), photo 2008 — Laurom — Public domain — source
  1:08, 1:14 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Olivetti M1 typewriter advertising poster (1912) by Teodoro Wolf Ferrari — Teodoro Wolf Ferrari (d. 1945) — Public domain — source
  1:17 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped.
• Adriano Olivetti portrait, 1925 — Unknown (SAN / Istituto Centrale per gli Archivi) — Public domain — source
  1:22, 3:07 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped.
• Case per impiegati con famiglie numerose 01.jpg — Davide Mauro — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  1:26 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Asilo Nido Olivetti (nursery), interior — Davide Mauro (Codas) — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  1:32 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico - BEIC 6347016.jpg — Paolo Monti — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  1:36, 10:03 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Casa popolare di borgo Olivetti (worker housing), Ivrea — Davide Mauro (Codas) — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  1:38 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Former Olivetti canteen (Mensa), designed by Ignazio Gardella — Laurom — CC BY-SA 3.0 — source
  1:40 · Shown in full and unmodified (resized only).
• Veduta di Corso Jervis.jpg — PROCOPIODIMODENA — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  1:47 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Ivrea. Unità residenziale Ovest Olivetti Talponia.jpg — André Corboz — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  1:51 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Visitor Centre Ivrea 02.jpg — Davide Mauro — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  1:56 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Palazzo Uffici Olivetti 01.jpg — Davide Mauro — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  2:01, 9:40 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Olivetti Studio 44.jpg — mpclemens — CC BY 2.0 — source
  2:05 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Palazzo Uffici Olivetti.1.jpg — Plumbago Capensis — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  2:09, 8:05 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Glowing vacuum tubes of Mcintosh MC240 audio amplifier.jpg — Sebastian Nizan — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  2:13 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Italia, 1968) - BEIC 6346626.jpg — Paolo Monti — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  2:17 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• PCB with discrete DTL modules -Solder side.jpg — Mister rf — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  2:22 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Olivetti Elea 9003.jpg — régine debatty user of flickr (we-make-money-not-art) — CC BY-SA 2.0 — source
  2:25, 5:02, 7:10 · Shown in full and unmodified (resized only).
• Console of Olivetti Elea 9003 (16241765810).jpg — Marco d'Itri from Milano, Italy — CC BY-SA 2.0 — source
  2:29 · Shown in full and unmodified (resized only).
• Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico - BEIC 6346461.jpg — Paolo Monti — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  2:31 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Amplificatori per la lettura della memoria per sistema Olivetti ELEA 9009 - Museo scienza tecnologia Milano D1182.jpg — Olivetti (costruttore/ produttore/ progettista) — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  2:36, 7:29 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Exterior of the Underwood Typewriter Company, c. 1905 — Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress — Public domain — source
  2:44 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped.
• 1920s Underwood SE layout.JPG — Anonimski — CC0 — source
  2:46 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped.
• Olivetti Elea Back.jpg — VectorVoyager — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  3:03, 7:24 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• District Railway carriage No. 100 interior.jpg — Bradley Wurth — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  3:11 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Film photograph of a train platform (vintage look) — Bluepikachu — Unsplash License — source
  3:14 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Italia, 1968) - BEIC 6346627.jpg — Paolo Monti — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  3:16 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Quiet winding rural road at sunset — Robin Jonathan Deutsch — Unsplash License — source
  3:21, 6:27 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Photo The control panel of an electronic computer 1963 - Touring Club Italiano 07 0382.jpg — Archivio Storico del Touring Club Italiano — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  3:27 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Boxes of archival documents.jpg — Smallison — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  3:34, 6:12 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Tomba di Adriano Olivetti 1.jpg — Davide Mauro — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  3:41 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Aged vintage metal filing cabinets, black and white — Magda Ehlers — Pexels License — source
  3:50, 6:54 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Borsa di Milano Ingresso del Palazzo Mezzanotte.jpg — Paolobon140 — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  3:56, 9:00 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico - BEIC 6338469.jpg — Paolo Monti — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  4:00 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Fiat Lingotto factory, Turin, exterior (1928) — Dgtmedia-Simone (VRT-confirmed) — CC BY 3.0 — source
  4:05 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Piazza Duca D'Aosta, Pirelli toronyház. Fortepan 50053.jpg — FOTO:Fortepan — ID 50053: Adományozó/Donor: Nagy Gyula. archive copy at the Wayback Machine — CC BY-SA 3.0 — source
  4:08 · Shown in full and unmodified (resized only).
• 6317 - Milano - Piazzetta Cuccia (sede di Mediobanca) - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 14-Feb-2008.jpg — G.dallorto — Attribution — source
  4:10 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Legal Contract & Signature - Warm Tones.jpg — Blogtrepreneur — CC BY 2.0 — source
  4:13 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped.
• Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico - BEIC 6346562.jpg — Paolo Monti — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  4:18 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• General Electric Building, 570 Lexington Ave, NYC (photo 2010) — Fletcher6 — CC BY-SA 3.0 — source
  4:26 · Shown in full and unmodified (resized only).
• Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Italia, 1968) - BEIC 6346628.jpg — Paolo Monti — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  4:31 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico - BEIC 6347056.jpg — Paolo Monti — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  4:38 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• MarioBellini.jpg — Elena Marko at English Wikipedia — CC BY 2.5 — source
  4:53 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped.
• Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Italia, 1968) - BEIC 6334705.jpg — Paolo Monti — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  5:09 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Olivetti Programma 101 calculating machine at CHM.jpg — Tomwsulcer — CC0 — source
  5:11, 6:00, 7:20 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Olivetti Programma 101 - Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano.jpg — Alessandro Nassiri / Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, Milano — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  5:16 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax, light-sweep effect. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Olivetti Programma 101 ("La Perottina").jpg — Pasquale Troccoli — CC BY-SA 3.0 — source
  5:23 · Shown in full and unmodified (resized only).
• Cartoline magnetiche Olivetti Programma 101.jpg — DnaX — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  5:27 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• L.M.S. P101 Olivetti dettaglio.jpg — Piergiovanna Grossi — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  5:37 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Apollo 11 Celebration at Mission Control - GPN-2000-001141.jpg — NASA — Public domain — source
  5:47 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Apollo 11 Mission Control Center - landing trajectory.jpg — NASA — Public domain — source
  5:50 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Earthrise - AS08-14-2383.jpg — NASA/Bill Anders — Public domain — source
  6:06 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped.
• HP 9100A desktop calculator (the HP royalty-dispute machine) — Rama & Musee Bolo — CC BY-SA 2.0 FR — source
  6:17, 6:23 · Shown in full and unmodified (resized only).
• US Patent 3,495,222 (Perotto & De Sandre), Fig. 1a with inventor signatures — USPTO / Olivetti S.p.A. — Public domain — source
  6:30, 6:39, 6:46 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, inverted and dimmed as a graphic background.
• Olivetti-Programma101-Trimetric-Triennale.jpg — VectorVoyager — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  7:01, 10:23 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Pozzuoli, 1965) - BEIC 6356016.jpg — Paolo Monti — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  7:35 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Close-up of a vintage 1980s-style desktop computer — Viktorya Sergeeva — Pexels License — source
  7:39 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Olivetti Nuova ICO MC 24-CR (4).jpg — Hnjmk — CC0 — source
  7:44 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Apple-1, 1976, Computer History Museum.jpg — The wub — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  7:53 · Changes: cropped into a chronology card. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• G7 Conference on the Global Information Society (P-000516 10-18A).jpg — © European Union, 1995 — CC BY 4.0 — source
  8:09 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Olivetti M20 personal computer, front view — Davide Bucci (DarwinNE) — CC BY-SA 3.0 — source
  8:17 · Shown in full and unmodified (resized only).
• Olivetti M24 at Museum of Computing Instruments of Pisa.jpg — DnaX — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  8:23 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Olivetti M24 personal computer (1983, AT&T 6300 era) — Federigo Federighi — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  8:27 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 550 Madison Avenue July2015.JPG — Citizen59 — CC BY 3.0 — source
  8:29 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped.
• Vintage ATT 6300.jpg — Blake Patterson from Alexandria, VA, USA — CC BY 2.0 — source
  8:33 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped.
• Personal computer - Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 14617 03.jpg — Olivetti (progettista/ costruttore) — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  8:44 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Olivetti Logos 82 F0.jpg — José Antonio Ortigueira Amo — CC BY 4.0 — source
  8:48, 9:32 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Container Terminal Tollerort, Vorhafen, Hamburg (P1080405).jpg — Matti Blume — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  8:55 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Oval wooden conference table, modern minimalist boardroom — Benjamin Child — Unsplash License — source
  9:04 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Ivrea - Officina H - 2024-09-13 00-47-30 001.JPG — Blootes — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  9:12 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Modern glass office tower, Milan — Simone Viani — Unsplash License — source
  9:16 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.
• Registered office Telecom Italia.jpg — Aski72 — CC BY-SA 3.0 — source
  9:24 · Shown in full and unmodified (resized only).
• Edificio a 18 alloggi, Olivetti residential complex — Davide Mauro (Codas) — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  9:52 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Casa popolare di borgo Olivetti, alt. view — Davide Mauro (Codas) — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  10:02 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Centro servizi sociali (Ivrea) 01.jpg — Davide Mauro — CC BY-SA 4.0 — source
  10:04 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax. This adaptation is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Road winding through a rural landscape at sunset — Amar Sharma — Unsplash License — source
  10:29 · Changes: animated (zoom/pan), colour-graded, cropped, depth parallax.

Key sources

• US Patent 3,495,222, Perotto & De Sandre: Google Patents
• IEEE Spectrum, “The Calculator That Helped Land Men on the Moon”: spectrum.ieee.org
• Italian Ministry of Culture, Olivetti timeline: PDF
• NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, David W. Whittle, 16 Feb 2006
• Associazione Archivio Storico Olivetti: archiviostoricolivetti.it
• Telecom Italia press archive (2003 merger): gruppotim.it

Credits page version V5.3, 10 November 2026. Found an error in a credit? Contact the channel via YouTube and it will be corrected.